Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of a High-grade Endometrial Cancer Cohort Treated at Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Brazil / Características clínicas e desfechos de uma coorte de câncer endometrial de alto grau tratada no Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Brasil

Abstract Objective To analyze the outcomes of a cohort of patients with high-risk histologies of endometrial cancer (EC) treated at Instituto Nacional de Câncer (National Cancer Institute, INCA, in Portuguese), in Brazil. Materials and Methods We reviewed the medical records of patients with high-risk histologies of EC in any stage registered at INCA between 2010 and 2016 to perform a clinical and demographic descriptive analysis and to evaluate the outcomes in terms of recurrence and survival. Results From 2010 to 2016, 2,145 EC patients were registered and treated at INCA, and 466 had high-grade histologies that met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the patients was 65 years, 44.6% were Caucasian, and 90% had a performance status of 0 or 1. The most common histology was high-grade endometrioid (31.1%), followed by serous carcinoma (25.3%), mixed (20.0%), carcinosarcoma (13.5%), and clear cell carcinoma (9.4%). Considering the 2018 Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, FIGO, in French) staging system, 44.8%, 12.4%, 29.8%, and 12.9% of the patient were in stages I, II, III or IV respectively. Age (> 60 years), more than 50% of myoinvasion, higher stage, poor performance status, serous and carcinosarcoma histologies, and adjuvant treatment were independent factors associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion The current findings reinforced the international data showing poor outcomes of these tumors, especially for serous and carcinosarcomas and tumors with advanced stages, with shorter survival and high recurrence rates in distant sites, independently of the FIGO stage. Adjuvant therapy was associated with better survival.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os desfechos de uma coorte de pacientes com câncer de endométrio (CE) e histologias de alto risco atendida no Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA) entre 2010 e 2016. Materiais e Métodos Foram revisados prontuários de pacientes com histologias de alto risco de CE em qualquer estágio cadastradas no INCA entre 2010 e 2016 para realizar uma análise descritiva clínica e demográfica e avaliar os resultados em termos de recorrência e sobrevida. Resultados De 2010 a 2016, 2.145 pacientes com CE foram cadastradas e atendidas no INCA, e 466 tinham histologias de alto grau e atendiam aos critérios de inclusão. A média de idade das pacientes foi de 65 anos, 44,6% eram brancas, e 90% tinham performance status de 0 ou 1. A histologia mais comum foi endometrioide de alto grau (31,1%), seguida de carcinoma seroso (25,3%), misto (20,0%), carcinossarcoma (13,5%) e carcinoma de células claras (9,4%). Considerando o estadiamento da Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique (Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, FIGO, em francês) de 2018, 44,8%, 12,4%, 29,8% e 12,9% apresentaram estágios I, II, III ou IV, respectivamente. Idade (> 60 anos), mais de 50% de mioinvasão, estágio avançado, performance status ruim, histologias serosas e carcinossarcoma, e tratamento adjuvante foram fatores independentes associados à sobrevida livre de recorrência e sobrevida global na análise multivariada. Conclusão Os achados atuais reforçam os dados internacionais que demonstram o prognóstico ruim desses tumores, principalmente para as histologias serosas e carcinossarcomas e para estágios avançados, com menor sobrevida e altas taxas de recorrência à distância, independentemente do estágio da FIGO. A terapia adjuvante foi associada a melhor sobrevida.

Brain metastasis in papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium / Metástase cerebral do adenocarcinoma seroso-papilífero do endométrio

Abstract Background Most endometrial cancers (75%) are diagnosed in early stages (stages I and II), in which abnormal uterine bleeding is the most frequent clinical sign.When the diagnosis is performed in stage IV, the most common sites of metastasis are the lungs, liver and bones. Central nervous system (CNS)metastasis is a rare condition. The aim of this study is to describe a case of uterine papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium that progressed to brain and bone metastases. Case Report We present the case of a 56-year-old woman with abnormal uterine bleeding and endometrial thickened echo (1.8 cm). A hysteroscopy with biopsy was performed, which identified poor differentiated serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. A total abdominal hysterectomy, with pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy, was performed. Analysis of the surgical specimen revealed a grade III uterine papillary serous adenocarcinoma. Adjuvant radio/chemotherapy (carboplatin and paclitaxel-six cycles) was indicated. Sixteen months after the surgery, the patient began to complain of headaches. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an expansile mass in the right parietal lobe, suggesting a secondary hematogenous implant subsequently confirmed by biopsy. She underwent surgery for treatment of brain metastasis, followed by radiotherapy. She died 12 months after the brain metastasis diagnosis due to disease progression. Conclusion Uterine papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium has a low propensity to metastasize to the brain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fifth documented case of uterine papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with metastasis to the CNS.

Resumo Fundamentos A maioria dos cânceres de endométrio (75%) é diagnosticada em estágios iniciais (estágios I e II), nos quais o sangramento uterino anormal é o sinalclínico mais frequente. Quando o diagnóstico é realizado no estágio IV, os locais mais comuns de metástase são os pulmões, o fígado e os ossos. A metástase para o sistema nervoso central (SNC) é uma condição rara. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever um caso de adenocarcinoma seroso-papilífero do endométrio que progrediu para metástases cerebral e óssea. Relato de Caso Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 56 anos com sangramento uterino anormal e eco endometrial espessado (1,8 cm). Foi realizada histeroscopia com biópsia que identificou adenocarcinoma seroso-papilífero pouco diferenciado do endométrio. Uma histerectomia abdominal total, com linfadenectomia pélvica e para-aórtica, foi realizada. A análise da peça cirúrgica revelou adenocarcinoma seroso-papilífero do endométrio grau III. Radioterapia adjuvante/quimioterapia (carboplatina e paclitaxel- seis ciclos) foi indicada.Dezesseismeses após a cirurgia, a paciente começou a se queixar de dores de cabeça. A ressonância magnética cerebral demonstrou uma massa expansiva no lobo parietal direito, sugerindo um implante hematogênico secundário posteriormente confirmado por biópsia. A paciente foi submetida a cirurgia para tratamento de metástase cerebral, seguida de radioterapia. A paciente morreu 12 meses após o diagnóstico de metástase cerebral devido à progressão da doença. Conclusão O adenocarcinoma seroso-papilífero do endométrio tem uma baixa propensão a metastizar para o cérebro. Até onde sabemos, este é o quinto caso documentado de adenocacinoma seroso-papilífero do endométrio com metástase para o SNC.

Profil épidémiologique et à l'imagerie par résonnance magnétique (IRM) des cancers de l'endomètre au Sénégal

Objectifs : Donner le profil épidémiologique et à l'imagerie par résonnance magnétique (IRM) des cancers de l'endomètre rencontrés dans notre exercice. Evaluer l'apport de cette technique dans le bilan d'extension locorégionale par la classification FIGO-IRM et dans la recherche de récidive post-opératoire.Méthode : Etude rétrospective incluant 35 patientes d'âge moyen 59,9 ans adressées pour bilan d'extension d'un cancer de l'endomètre chez 31 patientes et pour suivi post chirurgical chez 4. Elles ont toutes bénéficié d'une exploration pelvienne avant et après injection de Gadolinium avec des IRM haut champs (1.5T) de marque Phillips et Siemens.Résultats : Toutes les patientes adressées pour bilan d'extension présentaient une lésion en hyposignal T1. Un hypersignal intermédiaire en pondération T2 était observé dans 30 cas (96,7 %) avec restriction de la diffusion et prise de contraste après injection de gadolinium chez 28 patientes (90,3 %). Le stade I de FIGO était plus représentatif, retrouvé chez 16 patientes (51,6 %) suivi du stade III (25,8%). Aucune récidive n'était notée chez les quatre patientes adressées pour suivi post traitement chirurgical d'un cancer de l'endomètre.Conclusion : l'IRM malgré son accès limité dans notre pays est devenue quasi incontournable dans le bilan d'extension locorégionale des cancers de l'endomètre ainsi que dans leur suivi post-thérapeutique

Pólipos endometriales: Actualización en diagnóstico y tratamiento / Endometrial polyps: update on diagnosis and treatment

ANTECEDENTES: Los pólipos endometriales son protrusiones nodulares benignas de la superficie endometrial con características clínico-patológicas propias y de origen desconocido. Su prevalencia es alta, especialmente en pacientes con sangrado uterino anormal, se asocia a infertilidad y a cáncer de endometrio, lo que se traduce en que se trata de una patología muy importante en el quehacer ginecológico habitual. OBJETIVOS: Revisar la patogenia, actualizar y evaluar los métodos diagnósticos, y definir las mejores opciones terapéuticas de esta frecuente patología. MÉTODO: Revisión sistemática de la literatura publicada en el tema, mediante búsqueda en base de datos Pub Med. RESULTADOS: La patogenia es aun desconocida, es una patología muy heterogénea y no hay causa única, se han reportado varios hallazgos relacionados con alteraciones genéticas. La ultrasonografía de alta definición, la hidrosonografia y la histeroscopia son el estándar actual en el diagnóstico. Las opciones terapéuticas se extienden desde la observación y seguimiento con imágenes, hasta la histerectomía con biopsia contemporánea, siendo la histeroscopia quirúrgica el método más costo efectivo. CONCLUSIÓN: La patogenia de los pólipos endometriales se encuentra actualmente en revisión, no hay ninguna teoría que explique la génesis de todos los pólipos. La ultrasonografía con contraste y la histeroscopia constituyen el estándar en el diagnóstico. En el tratamiento, la indicación es la cirugía histeroscopica y en especial la resección electroquirúrgica, que permite una extracción completa del pólipo bajo visión directa, con enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico, con riesgos bajos y recurrencia mínima.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial polyps are benign nodular protrusions of the endometrial surface with clinical and pathological features of unknown origin. Its prevalence is high, especially in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, it is associated with infertility and endometrial cancer, what constitutes a common and important disease. AIMS: To review the pathogenesis, to update and evaluate diagnostic methods, and to define the best treatment options for this common condition. METHODS: A systematic review of the published literature on the subject by searching PubMed database. RESULTS: The pathogenesis is still unknown, it is a very heterogeneous disease and there is no single cause, there have been several findings related to genetic alterations. High definition ultrasonography, the hidrosonography and hysteroscopy are the current standard in diagnosis. Therapeutic options range from observation and follow up with images to the hysterectomy using contemporary biopsy, surgical hysteroscopy being the most cost effective method. CONCLUSION: The pathogenesis of endometrial polyps are currently under review, there is no theory to explain the genesis of all polyps. Contrast ultrasonography and hysteroscopy are standard in the diagnosis. In the treatment, the indication is histeroscopy surgery and especially electrosurgical resection, which allows complete removal of polyps, diagnostic and therapeutic approach, with low risk and low recurrence.

Major clinical research advances in gynecologic cancer in 2015 / 부인종양

In 2015, fourteen topics were selected as major research advances in gynecologic oncology. For ovarian cancer, high-level evidence for annual screening with multimodal strategy which could reduce ovarian cancer deaths was reported. The best preventive strategies with current status of evidence level were also summarized. Final report of chemotherapy or upfront surgery (CHORUS) trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced stage ovarian cancer and individualized therapy based on gene characteristics followed. There was no sign of abating in great interest in immunotherapy as well as targeted therapies in various gynecologic cancers. The fifth Ovarian Cancer Consensus Conference which was held in November 7–9 in Tokyo was briefly introduced. For cervical cancer, update of human papillomavirus vaccines regarding two-dose regimen, 9-valent vaccine, and therapeutic vaccine was reviewed. For corpus cancer, the safety concern of power morcellation in presumed fibroids was explored again with regard to age and prevalence of corpus malignancy. Hormone therapy and endometrial cancer risk, trabectedin as an option for leiomyosarcoma, endometrial cancer and Lynch syndrome, and the radiation therapy guidelines were also discussed. In addition, adjuvant therapy in vulvar cancer and the updated of targeted therapy in gynecologic cancer were addressed. For breast cancer, palbociclib in hormone-receptor-positive advanced disease, oncotype DX Recurrence Score in low-risk patients, regional nodal irradiation to internal mammary, supraclavicular, and axillary lymph nodes, and cavity shave margins were summarized as the last topics covered in this review.

Adjuvant sequential chemo and radiotherapy improves the oncological outcome in high risk endometrial cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the impact of sequential chemoradiotherapy in high risk endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS: Two hundred fifty-four women with stage IB grade 3, II and III EC (2009 FIGO staging), were included in this retrospective study. RESULTS: Stage I, II, and III was 24%, 28.7%, and 47.3%, respectively. Grade 3 tumor was 53.2% and 71.3% had deep myometrial invasion. One hundred sixty-five women (65%) underwent pelvic (+/- aortic) lymphadenectomy and 58 (22.8%) had nodal metastases. Ninety-eight women (38.6%) underwent radiotherapy, 59 (23.2%) chemotherapy, 42 (16.5%) sequential chemoradiotherapy, and 55 (21.7%) were only observed. After a median follow-up of 101 months, 78 women (30.7%) relapsed and 91 women (35.8%) died. Sequential chemoradiotherapy improved survival rates in women who did not undergo nodal evaluation (disease-free survival [DFS], p=0.040; overall survival [OS], p=0.024) or pelvic (+/- aortic) lymphadenectomy (DFS, p=0.008; OS, p=0.021). Sequential chemoradiotherapy improved both DFS (p=0.015) and OS (p=0.014) in stage III, while only a trend was found for DFS (p=0.210) and OS (p=0.102) in stage I-II EC. In the multivariate analysis, only age (< or =65 years) and sequential chemoradiotherapy were statistically related to the prognosis. CONCLUSION: Sequential chemoradiotherapy improves survival rates in high risk EC compared with chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone, in particular in stage III.

Major clinical research advances in gynecologic cancer in 2013 / 부인종양

In 2013, 10 topics were selected for major clinical research advances in gynecologic oncology; these included three topics regarding cervical cancer, three regarding ovarian cancer, two regarding endometrial cancer, and one each regarding breast cancer and radiation oncology. For cervical cancer, bevacizumab was first demonstrated to exhibit outstanding clinical efficacy in a recurrent, metastatic setting. Regarding cervical cancer screening, visual inspections with acetic acid in low-resource settings, p16/Ki-67 double staining, and the follow-up results of four randomized controlled trials of human papillomavirus-based screening methods were reviewed. Laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy before chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer was the final topic for cervical cancer. Regarding front-line ovarian cancer therapies, dose-dense paclitaxel and carboplatin, intraperitoneal chemotherapy, and other targeted agents administered according to combination or maintenance schedules were discussed. Regarding recurrent ovarian cancer treatment, cediranib, olaparib, and farletuzumab were discussed for platinum-sensitive disease. The final overall survival data associated with a combination of bevacizumab and chemotherapy for platinum-resistant disease were briefly summarized. For endometrial cancer, the potential clinical efficacy of metformin, an antidiabetic drug, in obese patients was followed by integrated genomic analyses from the Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. For breast cancer, three remarkable advances were reviewed: the long-term effects of continued adjuvant tamoxifen for 10 years, the effects of 2-year versus 1-year adjuvant trastuzumab for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive disease, and the approval of pertuzumab in a neoadjuvant setting with a pathologic complete response as the surrogate endpoint. Finally, the recent large studies of intensity-modulated radiotherapy for gynecologic cancer were briefly summarized.

Adenocarcinoma of rectum as second primary cancer after treatment of endometrium cancer

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in women in the United States. Previous epidemiologic studies have identified a 1.5 - 3 fold increased risk of colorectal cancer in women after ovarian and endometrial cancer. In Pakistan, neither such a study showing relationship of colorectal cancer with gynaecological cancer has been done nor any case has been reported. Here, a case is being reported who developed adenocarcinoma of rectum as the second primary about nine years after completion of treatment for adenocarcinoma of endometrium

Factores pronósticos de sobrevida en pacientes con cáncer de endometrio tratados con radioterapia preoperatoria / Prognostic factors for survival in patients with endometrial cancer treated with preoperative radiotherapy

Objetivo: determinar la sobrevida global (SG), los factores pronósticos de sobrevida libre de enfermedad y SG, el porcentaje de complicaciones en pacientes con cáncer de endometrio tratados con radioterapia preoperatoria en el INEN. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo analítico de 381 historias clínicas de pacientes con cáncer de endometrio entre 1995 a diciembre del 2004, 53 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión: estadiaje clínico I, II, III según FIGO 1971, radioterapia externa (RTE) a la pelvis a dosis de 50Gy a 50,4Gy en 25-28 sesiones más Braquiterapia (BT) seguido de cirugía. Resultados: la dosis promedio de BT fue 45Gy (rango 25Gy a 70Gy) administradas en una sola aplicación de baja tasa de dosis. La sobrevida Global (SG) a los 5 años fue 86,39%. La sobrevida diferenciada por estadios clínicos fue 85,71%, 83,52% y 84,03% para los estadíos I, II y III respectivamente sin diferencia significativa (p=0,55). El 20,75% (11/53) fallecieron por enfermedad, de las cuales 36,36% (4/11) recurrieron a nivel loco regional y 63,64% (7/11) metástasis a distancia. El análisis Bivariado no demostró factores de riesgo asociados con la mortalidad. Sin embargo el análisis multivariado de Regresión de Cox solo la enfermedad extra-pélvica es un factor de mal pronóstico y se relacionó con mayor mortalidad [HR: 5,27 IC 95% (1,10-25,28)] (p=0,038). Las pacientes con viabilidad en la pieza quirúrgica recibieron mayor dosis de radiación al punto A (mayores a 90Gy) que las piezas quirúrgicas no viables (p=0,041). El porcentaje de complicaciones fue del 20,75% (11/53) siendo el 9,44% (5/53) complicaciones severas (grado 4). Conclusiones: La presencia de enfermedad extra-pélvica fue un factor de mal pronóstico para la sobrevida. Palabras Claves: cáncer endometrial, radioterapia preoperatoria, sobrevida global.

Objective: To determine overall survival (OS), prognostic factors for disease-free survival and OS, the percentage of complications in patients with endometrial cancer treated with preoperative radiotherapy at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN). Material and Methods: An analytical retrospective study of 381 patient records with endometrial cancer between 1995 and December 2004 was done; Only 53 patients full filed the inclusion criteria: clinical stage I, II, III according to FIGO 1971, external beam radiation to the pelvis to a dose of 50Gy - 50.4Gy in 25-28 sessions followed Brachytherapy (BT) and then surgery. Results: The mean dose of BT was 45Gy (range 25Gy to 70Gy) administered in a single application with low dose radiation. The OS at 5 years was 86.39%. OS for clinical stages I, II and III were 85.71%, 83.52% and 84.03% respectively, with no significant difference (p=0.55). 20.75% (11/53) died of disease, of which 36.36% (4/11) had recurrence in the pelvis and 63.64% (7/11) was distant metastases. Bivariate analysis showed no risk factors associated with mortality. However in the multivariate Cox regression only the extra-pelvic disease is a poor prognostic factor and was associated with increased mortality [HR: 5.27 IC 95% (1.10-25.28)] (p=0.038). The patients with viability in the surgical specimen had higher radiation doses to point A than non-viable surgical specimens (greater than 90Gy) difference that was significant (p = 0.041). The complication rate was 20.75% (11/53) and 9.44% (5/53) of complications were grade 4. Conclusions: The presence of extra-pelvic disease proved to be a poor prognostic factor for overall survival. Keywords: endometrial cancer, preoperative radiotherapy, overall survival.

Laparoscopia versus laparotomía para el manejo de cáncer de endometrio en el INEN / Laparoscopy versus laparotomy for the management of endometrial cancer in the INEN

Objetivo: Comparar los resultados intraoperatorios y postoperatorios de las pacientes sometidas a cirugía laparoscópica versus laparotomía para el estadiaje por cáncer de endometrio. Material y Métodos: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de las pacientes con cáncer de endometrio sometidas a cirugía de estadiaje en el INEN desde el 2005 al 2008 encontrándose 20 operadas por laparoscopia y 100 por laparotomía que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Las variables sociodemográficas fueron similares en los grupos de laparoscopia y laparotomía. No se encontró diferencia significativa entre las caracteristicas patológicas en ambos grupos, siendo predominante el adenocarcinoma endometrioide EC I G1-2. El tiempo operatorio fue menor en el grupo de laparotomía (173,8 min) en comparación con laparoscopia (225,25 min), (p<0.001). Por otro lado se encontraron diferencias significativas a favor de la laparoscopia en cuanto al volumen de sangrado intraoperatorio (177,5 vs 242,17 cc) y la estancia hospitalaria (3,25 vs 4,0 días respectivamente). En cuanto a las complicaciones operatorias y postoperatorias, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: El presente estudio demuestra que la laparoscopía es una buena alternativa quirúrgica a la cirugía tradicional para el tratamiento de cáncer de endometrio, ofreciendo ventajas en el tiempo de hospitalización y menor sangrado intraoperatorio.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare operative and postoperative outcomes in women who underwent endometrial cancer staging by laparoscopy or laparotomy. Methods: Medical records from patients with endometrial cancer staging surgery were reviewed between 2005-2008, and included 120 patients (laparoscopic group 20; laparotomy group 100). Results: Patient characteristics were similar in the laparoscopy and laparotomy groups. No significant difference among pathological characteristics in both groups was observed. The endometrioid adenocarcinoma EC I G1-2 was the predominant group. The operative time was shorter in the laparotomy group (173.8 min) in comparison with laparoscopic (225.25 min), (p <0.001). There were additional significant differences in favor of the laparoscopic as for the lower blood lose and shorter hospital stay (177,5 vs 242,17 cc and 3,25 vs 4,0 days respectively). The operative and postoperative complications were minimum and there were not significant differences between groups.Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that the laparoscopic is a good surgical alternative to the open traditional surgery for the treatment of endometrial cancer, offering advantages in terms of hospital stay and intraoperative bleeding.

Cáncer del endometrio-guía de manejo / Endometrial cancer-management guide

Hace 20 años, el cáncer del endometrio ocupó el primer lugar en incidencia de cáncer de la mujer en los Estados Unidos. Hoy, por causa del incremento del cáncer de mama y pulmón, ya no es así. Esto nos ha llevado a que no le demos la misma atención a su manejo y a lo que se publica sobre este tema. Se asoció desde un principio al estímulo estrogénico prolongado y grosor del endometrio sin una adecuada oposición de la progesterona...

Uso del ganglio centinela con azul patente: y radiofármaco en pacientes con cáncer de endometrio / Use of sentinel node with patent blue: and radiopharmaceutical in patients with endometrial cancer

El objetivo del presente estudio es demostrar la factibilidad de aplicación del ganglio centinela, utilizando la combinación de radiofármaco y azul patente en pacientes con cáncer de endometrio. En 14 pacientes con cáncer de endometrio estadio I, fueron sometidas a procedimiento de ganglio centinela, utilizando una combinación de coloide marcado con tecnecio 99 y azul patente, inyectados a nivel del cuello uterino. Luego del procedimiento de ganglio centinela, las pacientes fueron sometidas a histerectomía abdominal con ooforosalpingectomía bilateral, y a disección ganglionar pélvica sistemática. El ganglio centinela fue identificado en 10 de 14 pacientes (71,4 por ciento). Se registró 1 ganglio centinela metastásico, en una paciente con un adenocarcinoma endometrioide aparente estadio IB G3, por hematoxilina-eosina. Sólo se detectó un ganglio centinela por paciente. Todos estaban localizados en la pelvis. El porcentaje de falsos negativos fue de cero. La obtención del ganglio centinela en cáncer de endometrio precoz, utilizando azul patente y radiofármaco, a través de inyección pericervical, es factible en pacientes en las que se logre su identificación, el estado ganglionar del resto de la pelvis es 100 por ciento predecible, lo que evitaría disecciones ganglionares innecesarias.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the feasibility of intraoperative sentinel node detection based on the combined use of radio colloid and patent blue labelling in patients with diagnosis of endometrial cancer. Fourteen patients with endometrial cancer classified of stage I underwent a sentinel nodes procedure based on combined technetium 99 labelled colloid and patent blue injected pericervically. After the sentinel nodes procedure, all patients underwent abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and complete pelvic lymphadenectomy. The sentinel nodes were identified in 10 of the 14 patients (71.4 %). Metastases were detected in: One sentinel node of a patient with an endometrioide adenocarcinoma, seeming stage IB G3, by haematoxylin and eosin staining. No more than one sentinel node was detected in each patient. All were in the pelvic localised. No false negative sentinel node results were observed. Obtain of sentinel node procedure based on combination of radio colloid and patent blue injected pericervically is feasible in patients with diagnosis of early endometrial cancer. The rest of pelvic ganglions were 100 % predictable. This technique reflect the true ganglion status, avoiding an unnecessary pelvic lymphadenectomy.

Terapia hormonal e câncer endometrial, ovariano e cervical / Hormone therapy and endometrial cancer, ovarian and cervical

A terapia hormonal (TH) em mulheres na pós-menopausa sobreviventes de câncer endometrial, ovariano e cervical é considerada historicamente um tabu. O risco de que esta terapia aumente a probabilidade de doença recorrente tem base infundada e necessita de revisão crítica. Vários estudos retrospectivos em usuárias de hormônios, sobreviventes de câncer ginecológico, não puderam demonstrar efeitos adversos. Os benefícios da TH têm sido bem documentados. Com o avanço da medicina e com o sucesso no tratamento dos cânceres de endométrio, ovário e colo, o número de pacientes sobreviventes destes cânceres está crescendo consideravelmente. São necessários ensaios clínicos, randomizados e controlados com placebo, com amostragem adequada, para que se possa avaliar com segurança o papel da TH nestas pacientes. A história prévia de câncer de endométrio, ovário e colo, não deve ser considerada contra-indicação absoluta para terapia hormonal

Condutas preconizadas pela FIGO, a partir de 2003, em relação aos cânceres ginecológicos C) Corpo do útero / Guidelines of gynecologic cancers by FIGO. C) Corpus uteri

Em 2003 a FIGO (Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia); juntamente com a IGCS (International Gynecological Cancer Society) sugeriram e publicaram as condutas de tratamento frente aos diversos cânceres em ginecologia, baseados em trabalhos científicos e na experiência dos mais respeitados serviços do mundo. Em relação ao câncer de endométrio, o estadiamento é cirúrgico. A cirurgia preconizada no estádio I é a histerectomia total abdominal associada à anexectomia bilateral (HTA + AB). A linfadenectomia pélvica e para-aórtica é sugerida para os estádios I e tipos histológicos não endometrióides; quanto à radioterapia não há consenso sobre sua aplicabilidade nos estádios I. A braquiterapia pode ser útil, diminuindo a recidiva vaginal em casos de impossibilidade cirúrgica. Nos estádios II, pressupostos pré-operatoriamente, pode-se indicar a cirurgia de Whertheim-Meigs com linfadenectomia pré-aórtica; caso contrário, se a constatação foi intra-operatória, agir como nos estádios I, com linfadenectomia. Nos prováveis estádios III, a radioterapia pode ser indicada inicialmente e, se possível, seguida da cirurgia básica HTA + AB. Por outro lado, é de interesse a cito-redução. Nos estádios IV, assim como nas recidivas, devem ser avaliadas a quimioterapia ou a hormonioterapia com progestágenos ou eventualmente exenteração